Many sectors of the economy have struggled during the COVID-19 pandemic, but one of the sectors that have faced the greatest challenges in the U.S. is also one of the most critical: agriculture.
The early days and weeks of the pandemic were difficult for many agricultural businesses as shutdowns created major disruptions for some of their primary customers. Much of the food-service industry shut down overnight in March 2020, drastically scaling back one of the primary sales markets for farmers.
In response, more agricultural producers shifted their focus to retail grocery and wholesalers. However, they paid a steep price in the form of lost products and new costs in labor and logistics to adapt to different distribution channels.
Since then, agriculture has faced many of the same supply chain and labor challenges currently plaguing the rest of the economy. Supply chain breakdowns have meant that farms have been struggling to obtain supplies and equipment that they need and that it has become more difficult to transport their products to customers.
Labor force participation remains below pre-pandemic levels, especially in low-wage occupations, which has contributed to a shortage of pickers and other agricultural workers. Because produce is perishable, these issues have caused millions of pounds of produce to go unharvested or spoil before reaching consumers.
These disruptions pose a problem for consumers, who may have less ability to access high-quality fresh food at a low price, but also for the economy at large. Fresh produce in the form of fruits, nuts, and vegetables represents nearly a quarter of the total production value of U.S. crops.
These products are also part of a larger value chain in the food industry that includes food processing plants, distributors, restaurants, and other food-service businesses, and grocery.
This means that challenges in growing, harvesting, and supplying fresh produce create additional struggles downstream for other closely related businesses.
These issues are also likely to affect what crops farms choose to grow and in what amounts. Because crops take time to raise, farmers essentially must make decisions in the present based on predictions about what the market might look like months in advance.
With continued uncertainty, agricultural producers may prefer to shift more of their focus to crops that have a higher value to improve their margins. In general, tree nuts and fruits tend to have higher production value than vegetables.
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The largest importer of US agricultural produce is China with over $28 billion each year. The runners-up are neighboring countries Canada ($25+ billion) and Mexico ($18+ billion).
The current state of the agricultural market also underscores the importance of domestic agricultural production. In recent years, the U.S. has been importing a large share of its fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables, with imports totaling more than $24 billion in 2019. But with ongoing supply chain challenges worldwide, production closer to home will be important in maintaining the supply of food.
These fruits and vegetables come from a relatively small number of states where agricultural production is highly concentrated. The leader among these states is California, which is responsible for nearly 70% of U.S. fruit and vegetable production by itself. California is joined by other Western states like Washington, Oregon, and Arizona among the leaders, along with highly agriculture-dependent states in the South and Midwest.
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The data used in this analysis is from the USDA. All data is shown for the year 2019.
To identify the states producing the most fruits and vegetables, researchers at Commodity.com calculated the total production value of both fruit and nut crops as well as vegetable crops, measured in dollars.
Researchers also calculated what percentage of total U.S. fruit, nut, and vegetable production is accounted for by each state. Only states with available agricultural data from the USDA were included in the study.
Here are the states producing the most fruits and vegetables.
Fruit & Vegetable Production by U.S. State
10. Texas
- Total fruit & vegetable production: $348,246,000
- Share of U.S. total fruit & vegetable production: 0.82%
- Total fruit production: $163,350,000
- Total vegetable production: $184,896,000
9. New York
- Total fruit & vegetable production: $503,842,000
- Share of U.S. total fruit & vegetable production: 1.19%
- Total fruit production: $276,937,000
- Total vegetable production: $226,905,000
8. North Carolina
- Total fruit & vegetable production: $560,492,000
- Share of U.S. total fruit & vegetable production: 1.32%
- Total fruit production: $60,811,000
- Total vegetable production: $499,681,000
7. Michigan
- Total fruit & vegetable production: $578,847,000
- Share of U.S. total fruit & vegetable production: 1.37%
- Total fruit production: $361,709,000
- Total vegetable production: $217,138,000
6. Oregon
- Total fruit & vegetable production: $650,912,000
- Share of U.S. total fruit & vegetable production: 1.54%
- Total fruit production: $456,326,000
- Total vegetable production: $194,586,000
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Oregon ranks fourth on the list of most female farmers per state with over 44% of female farmers and more than 73% of farms that have at least one female agricultural producer.
5. Georgia
- Total fruit & vegetable production: $823,604,000
- Share of U.S. total fruit & vegetable production: 1.95%
- Total fruit production: $308,074,000
- Total vegetable production: $515,530,000
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4. Arizona
- Total fruit & vegetable production: $1,825,539,000
- Share of U.S. total fruit & vegetable production: 4.31%
- Total fruit production: $197,188,000
- Total vegetable production: $1,628,351,000
3. Florida
- Total fruit & vegetable production: $2,759,462,000
- Share of U.S. total fruit & vegetable production: 6.52%
- Total fruit production: $1,536,612,000
- Total vegetable production: $1,222,850,000
2. Washington
- Total fruit & vegetable production: $3,396,600,000
- Share of U.S. total fruit & vegetable production: 8.02%
- Total fruit production: $3,033,860,000
- Total vegetable production: $362,740,000
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1. California
- Total fruit & vegetable production: $29,181,329,000
- Share of U.S. total fruit & vegetable production: 68.94%
- Total fruit production: $21,437,185,000
- Total vegetable production: $7,744,144,000
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California is the fourth largest organic farming state with near 4% of all farms declared as organic.
Methodology & Detailed Findings
The data used in this analysis is from the USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service.
All data shown is for the year 2019, the most recent available covering both fruits and vegetables.
To identify the states producing the most fruits and vegetables, researchers calculated the total production value of both fruit and nut crops as well as vegetable crops, measured in dollars.
Researchers also calculated what percentage of total U.S. fruit, nut, and vegetable production is accounted for by each state. Only states with available agricultural data from the USDA were included in the study.
